Historical Immigrations to Shanghai Suburb Based on Principal Component Analysis on Physical characters and Surnames

Principal component analysis based on physical characters and surnames divides Shanghai suburbanites from 13 townships of 9 counties into 3 clusters. From the result of other research fields, the 3 clusters shall be Yue (Daic), Wu and historical immigrants from northern China. The variance percentages of the components show that the primary difference in the suburbanites of Shanghai is between northern Immigrants and southern Natives. Secondary difference is between two kinds of Southern Native, Wu and Yue, and then it divides Yue into two parts with different origins. Changing the components to the contour on the Shanghai maps, the historical immigration events are shown in different maps. Geographic analysis on surname components also tells that the diffusion features and patterns of southern surnames and northern surname are entirely different. Our study not only answers the question where Shanghai suburbanites come from, but also provides a new approach for immigration history research. In the following researches, more DNA sequencing and HLA typing will be applied.